But the countries have so far failed to provide any operational guidelines on the equity question. India, with its low per-capita emissions, leads on this demand. The main thrust of the group is to put on the agenda the issues of equity and access to carbon space for development. It has publicly maintained that the rich nations, which have placed over 80% of the extra greenhouse gases in the atmosphere since the start of the industrial age, must take the lead in emission reductions. The BASIC Group is spearheading the demand for more financial transfers from industrialised countries. The pressure is now on India to declare a net-zero year, though it is likely to instead declare a goal of generating 450 GW of energy through renewable sources by 2030. China has declared 2060 as its net-zero year Brazil has said it can reach net zero by 2060 if it gets the money it expects from industrialised countries. Of the four, South Africa has declared 2050 as its net-zero year – the year by which it will not emit more greenhouse gases than it removes from the atmosphere. This group was formed as a reaction to the increasing pressure on the emerging economies of Brazil, South Africa, India and China to control their emissions. The group has maintained that emerging economies should commit to absolute emission reductions. But its commitment to provide climate finance to developing countries has been muddled due to lack of transparency and alleged counting of aid money as climate finance. Through commitments to become climate neutral by 2050 (the so-called net-zero commitment), the EU has been a leader in many ways when it comes to combating climate change. It also reports its greenhouse gas emissions as a group to the UNFCCC, making the EU the world’s third-largest emitter, after China and the US. The European Union conducts climate negotiations as a group. These countries argue that developed countries have monopolised the carbon budget, with the US responsible for about 25% of all CO2 emissions since 1750, and the EU countries for 22%, though they have only around 20% of the world’s population. One contentious issue is that economies that are currently high emitters like China (the world’s largest) or India (fourth largest) only started emitting CO2 relatively recently as they industrialised. It holds that responsibility for reducing emissions ought to be determined based on current rather than historical emissions. This group does not believe that the difference between Annex I (developed) and Non-Annex I (developing) countries created by the Kyoto Protocol should exist. The group has maintained that the greenhouse gas emission reductions needed to keep global temperature rise within 2C – preferably within 1.5C – as per the Paris Agreement must come from all countries, including developing countries.įurther, the group – which includes the world’s second-largest emitter, the US – maintains that the stringency of reporting and accounting for emissions should be the same for all countries. Large industrialised countries that are high-carbon emitters like the United States, Australia and Canada are an integral part of the Umbrella Group. This is a group of mostly developed countries, with some middle-income economies too. Understanding these blocs helps with comprehending the dynamics of negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The blocs often overlap, and their shifting as well as relatively constant positions can be confusing.Īlmost every country is a member of more than one bloc, and some countries have changed blocs since climate negotiations started in the 1990s. During negotiations, a group of countries will jointly support certain policies, targets or points of view. These groups present specific interests, and therefore can be composed of countries from multiple regions. Countries usually do not act alone at climate negotiations: they act in blocs.
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